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Animals learn by associating their actions with consequences. This involves positive reinforcement (adding a reward to repeat a behavior) and negative punishment (removing something desirable to stop a behavior). Modern veterinary science heavily favors reward-based methods over aversive techniques.

This niche category also includes underground comix from the 1960s and 70s. Artists like , a key figure in the underground comix movement, often challenged social taboos with works like "Joe Blow," which depicts, among other things, the family dog being integrated into the family's sexual activities. Crumb's work is less about genuine representation and more about shock value and a punkish rebellion against conventional morality.

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