of vulnerable vs. secure code in Python, Node.js, or Go
In computing, a race condition occurs when two or more threads or processes attempt to modify the same shared resource (a file, a database row, or a bank balance) at the same time. The system’s output depends on the unpredictable order of execution—the "race" between the threads. race condition hackviser
Many e-commerce platforms utilize single-use promo codes. An attacker can use a multi-threaded script to submit the same single-use coupon 50 times in the exact same millisecond. The application checks if the coupon is used, finds it valid for all 50 threads, applies the discount 50 times, and updates the coupon status to "used" only after the transactions process. 3. File System TOCTOU of vulnerable vs
—a tiny period between when a system checks a condition (e.g., "does this user have enough money?") and when it finalizes an action (e.g., "deduct funds and transfer"). Sub-states: Many e-commerce platforms utilize single-use promo codes