Removal of suspended solids, bacteria, and large macromolecules from broths or wastewater. Ultrafiltration (UF) Pore Size: 0.001 to 0.1 micrometers (1 to 100 nm). Driving Force: Moderate pressure (1 to 10 bar).
Overcomes natural osmotic pressure to separate monovalent ions (like sodium chloride) from water, achieving up to 99%+ salt rejection. The text provides extensive design equations for RO modules. 3. Gas Separation and Pervaporation membrane separation processes kaushik nath pdf best