This is a naturally aspirated, in-line, water-cooled four-cylinder. But don’t let the simple specs fool you. The "264" in its name refers to the displacement per cylinder, giving the engine a total cubic capacity of roughly 3.2 liters.

The is a diesel engine from a bygone era—an era before AdBlue, before DPF clogging, and before EGR valve failures. It is a mechanical engine wearing an electronic disguise.

Finally, the mechanic will likely perform circuit tests on the CAN bus itself. Using a multimeter or an oscilloscope, they can check the network for proper voltage levels, resistance, and signal integrity to locate a break or short in the wiring.