On a macro scale, the World Bank tracked global output at $152.4 trillion in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, proving that the recovery was a cross-border phenomenon. Key Drivers of the 2021 Economic Expansion

For instance, Italy’s ISTAT uses “E” codes for economia non osservata (non-observed economy). E439 could be “Underground economy – construction sector – 2021 estimate.”

This expansion was led by both advanced economies and developing markets: